@article{ref1,
title="What parts of PTSD are normal: intrusion, avoidance, or arousal? Data from the Northridge, California, earthquake",
journal="Journal of Traumatic Stress",
year="2000",
author="McMillen, J. C. and North, C. S. and Smith, E. M.",
volume="13",
number="1",
pages="57-75",
abstract="The incidence and comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are addressed in a study of 130 Northridge, California, earthquake survivors interviewed 3 months post-disaster. Only 13% of the sample met full PTSD criteria, but 48% met both the re-experiencing and the arousal symptom criteria, without meeting the avoidance and numbing symptom criterion. Psychiatric comorbidity was associated mostly with avoidance and numbing symptoms. For moderately severe traumatic events, re-experiencing and arousal symptoms may be the most &quot;normal,&quot; and survivors with a history of psychiatric problems may be those most likely to develop full PTSD. A system that considers people who meet all three symptom criteria to have a psychiatric disorder yet recognizes the distress of other symptomatic survivors may best serve traumatized populations.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0894-9867",
doi="10.1023/A:1007768830246",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007768830246"
}