@article{ref1,
title="Game management, context effects, and calibration: the case of yellow cards in soccer",
journal="Journal of sport and exercise psychology",
year="2008",
author="Unkelbach, Christian and Memmert, Daniel",
volume="30",
number="1",
pages="95-109",
abstract="Referees in German first-league soccer games do not award as many yellow cards in the beginning of a game as should be statistically expected. One explanation for this effect is the concept of game management (Mascarenhas, Collins, & Mortimer, 2002). Alternatively, the consistency model (Haubensak, 1992) explains the effect as a necessity of the judgment situation: Referees need to calibrate a judgment scale, and, to preserve degrees of freedom in that scale, they need to avoid extreme category judgments in the beginning (i.e., yellow cards). Experiment 1 shows that referees who judge scenes in the context of a game award fewer yellow cards than referees who see the same scenes in random order. Experiment 2 shows the combined influence of game management (by explicitly providing information about the game situation) and calibration (early vs. late scenes in the time course of a game). Theoretical implications for expert refereeing and referee training are discussed.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0895-2779",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}