@article{ref1,
title="Peer relationships and self-esteem among children who have been maltreated",
journal="Child development",
year="1998",
author="Bolger, Kerry E. and Patterson, C. J. and Kupersmidt, J. B.",
volume="69",
number="4",
pages="1171-1197",
abstract="A prospective longitudinal design was employed to assess risks associated with maltreatment in a representative community sample of 107 maltreated children and an equal number of nonmaltreated comparison children. Heightened difficulties in peer relationships and self-esteem were associated with greater severity and chronicity of maltreatment. For example, children who experienced chronic maltreatment were less well-liked by peers. Type of maltreatment was also related to specific aspects of children's adjustment. For instance, sexual abuse predicted low self-esteem, but not problems in peer relationships. Emotional maltreatment, on the other hand, was related to difficulties in peer relationships, but not to low self-esteem. Thus, the best predictions of specific aspects of children's adjustment were provided by considering timing, type, and severity of maltreatment. For some groups of maltreated children, having a good friend was associated with improvement over time in self-esteem.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0009-3920",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}