@article{ref1,
title="Depression and history of attempted suicide as risk factors for heart disease mortality in young individuals",
journal="Archives of general psychiatry",
year="2011",
author="Shah, Amit J. and Veledar, Emir and Hong, Yuling and Bremner, J. Douglas and Vaccarino, L. Viola",
volume="68",
number="11",
pages="1135-1142",
abstract="CONTEXT: Although depression is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, there is virtually no information on whether it also increases the risk in young populations. OBJECTIVES: We sought to determine the association of unipolar and bipolar depression and a history of attempted suicide with mortality due to ischemic heart disease (IHD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in young US adults and to examine potential sex differences. DESIGN: Longitudinal epidemiologic study. SETTING: Nationally representative sample of US adults. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 7641 US adults aged 17 to 39 years from the 1988-1994 Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cardiovascular disease and IHD mortality. Unipolar/bipolar depression and a history of attempted suicide were assessed via the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 14.9 years, a total of 51 subjects (0.67%) died of CVD causes and 28 (0.37%) died of IHD. Depression (538 individuals [7.04%]) and history of attempted suicide (419 [5.48%]) were each associated with an increased risk of IHD death, with adjusted hazard ratios of 3.70 (95% CI, 1.32-10.35) for depression and 7.12 (2.67-18.98) for a history of attempted suicide. Women with depression or a history of attempted suicide had a 3-fold adjusted risk of CVD (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.20 [95% CI, 1.12-9.17]) and a 14-fold adjusted risk of IHD (14.57 [2.65-80.10]). Corresponding figures for men were 2.37 (0.85-6.58) and 3.52 (1.05-11.76). CONCLUSION: In adults younger than 40 years, depression and history of attempted suicide are significant independent predictors of premature CVD and IHD mortality in both sexes.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0003-990X",
doi="10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.125",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.125"
}