@article{ref1,
title="Brain Hypoxia Is Associated With Short-term Outcome After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Independently of Intracranial Hypertension and Low Cerebral Perfusion Pressure",
journal="Neurosurgery",
year="2011",
author="Oddo, Mauro and Levine, Joshua M. and Mackenzie, Larami and Frangos, Suzanne and Feihl, François and Kasner, Scott E. and Katsnelson, Michael and Pukenas, Bryan and Macmurtrie, Eileen and Maloney-Wilensky, Eileen and Kofke, W. Andrew and Leroux, Peter D.",
volume="69",
number="5",
pages="1037-1045",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Brain hypoxia (BH) can aggravate outcome after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Whether BH or reduced brain oxygen (Pbto2) is an independent outcome predictor or a marker of disease severity is not fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between Pbto2, intracranial pressure (ICP), and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and to examine whether BH correlates with worse outcome independently of ICP and CPP. METHODS: We studied 103 patients monitored with ICP and Pbto2 for > 24 hours. Durations of BH (Pbto2 < 15 mm Hg), ICP > 20 mm Hg, and CPP < 60 mm Hg were calculated with linear interpolation, and their associations with outcome within 30 days were analyzed. RESULTS: Duration of BH was longer in patients with unfavorable (Glasgow Outcome Scale score, 1-3) than in those with favorable (Glasgow Outcome Scale, 4-5) outcome (8.3 ± 15.9 vs 1.7 ± 3.7 hours; P < .01). In patients with intracranial hypertension, those with BH had fewer favorable outcomes (46%) than those without (81%; P < .01); similarly, patients with low CPP and BH were less likely to have favorable outcome than those with low CPP but normal Pbto2 (39% vs 83%; P < .01). After ICP, CPP, age, Glasgow Coma Scale score, Marshall computed tomography grade, and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score were controlled for, BH was independently associated with poor prognosis (adjusted odds ratio for favorable outcome, 0.89 per hour of BH; 95% confidence interval, 0.79-0.99; P = .04). CONCLUSION: Brain hypoxia is associated with poor short-term outcome after severe traumatic brain injury independently of elevated ICP, low CPP, and injury severity. Pbto2 may be an important therapeutic target after severe traumatic brain injury. ABBREVIATIONS: AOR: adjusted odds ratioAPACHE II: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation IICI: confidence intervalCPP: cerebral perfusion pressureGCS: Glasgow Coma ScaleICP: intracranial pressureIQR: interquartile rangeMAP: mean arterial pressureTBI: traumatic brain injury.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0148-396X",
doi="10.1227/NEU.0b013e3182287ca7",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/NEU.0b013e3182287ca7"
}