@article{ref1,
title="Seeing Your Error Alters My Pointing: Observing Systematic Pointing Errors Induces Sensori-Motor After-Effects",
journal="PLoS one",
year="2011",
author="Ronchi, Roberta and Revol, Patrice and Katayama, Masahiro and Rossetti, Yves and Farnè, Alessandro",
volume="6",
number="6",
pages="e21070-e21070",
abstract="During the procedure of prism adaptation, subjects execute pointing movements to visual targets under a lateral optical displacement:  As consequence of the discrepancy between visual and proprioceptive inputs, their visuo-motor activity is characterized by pointing errors. The perception of such final errors triggers error-correction processes that eventually result into sensori-motor compensation, opposite to the prismatic displacement (i.e., after-effects). Here we tested whether the mere observation of erroneous pointing movements, similar to those executed during prism adaptation, is sufficient to produce adaptation-like after-effects. Neurotypical participants observed, from a first-person perspective, the examiner's arm making incorrect pointing movements that systematically overshot visual targets location to the right, thus simulating a rightward optical deviation. Three classical after-effect measures (proprioceptive, visual and visual-proprioceptive shift) were recorded before and after first-person's perspective observation of pointing errors. Results showed that mere visual exposure to an arm that systematically points on the right-side of a target (i.e., without error correction) produces a leftward after-effect, which mostly affects the observer's proprioceptive estimation of her body midline. In addition, being exposed to such a constant visual error induced in the observer the illusion &quot;to feel&quot; the seen movement. These findings indicate that it is possible to elicit sensori-motor after-effects by mere observation of movement errors.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1932-6203",
doi="10.1371/journal.pone.0021070",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021070"
}