@article{ref1,
title="Childhood abuse and risk of smoking onset",
journal="Journal of epidemiology and community health",
year="2004",
author="Nichols, H. B. and Harlow, B. L.",
volume="58",
number="5",
pages="402-406",
abstract="STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between childhood abuse and becoming a smoker. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Boston, Massachusetts. PARTICIPANTS: 722 women aged 36-45 years who completed the baseline questionnaire for the Harvard study of moods and cycles and the survey of interpersonal relationships. MAIN RESULTS: Women who experienced either physical or sexual abuse as a child were 40% more likely to begin smoking compared with women with no history of abuse (95% CI 1.0 to 2.0). Virtually all of this association was confined to sexual abuse (OR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.1 to 4.3) as compared with physical abuse (OR = 0.7, 95% CI 0.7 to 1.6). However, the joint effect of experiencing both physical and sexual abuse as a child led to a 3.5-fold increase in the likelihood of becoming a smoker (95% CI 1.3 to 9.4) compared with women who did not experience any childhood abuse after adjustment for religion, social class, and poverty. CONCLUSIONS: Women who experience childhood abuse, even in the absence of depression, are at increased risk of becoming cigarette smokers.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0143-005X",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}