@article{ref1,
title="What is the "golden standard" for assessing population-based interventions?--problems of dilution bias",
journal="Journal of epidemiology and community health",
year="2000",
author="Lindholm, Lars and Rosén, Mans",
volume="54",
number="8",
pages="617-622",
abstract="OBJECTIVES: To identify different types of dilution bias in population-based interventions and to suggest measures for handling these methodological problems. DESIGN: Literature review plus analysis of data from a population-based intervention against cardiovascular disease in a Swedish municipality. MAIN RESULTS: The effects of an intervention on mortality and morbidity were much more diluted by non-intervening factors, dissemination to areas outside the intervention area, social diffusion, population mobility and time than by using intermediate outcome measures. CONCLUSIONS: Theoretically, changes in scientifically well documented risk factors, for example, intermediate outcome measures, should be preferred to using morbidity or mortality as outcome measures.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0143-005X",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}