@article{ref1,
title="Does Frustration Lead to Violence? Evidence from the Swedish Hooligan Scene",
journal="Kyklos: International review for social sciences",
year="2010",
author="Priks, Mikael",
volume="63",
number="3",
pages="450-460",
abstract="Sport-related violence is widespread. Yet, there is a poor understanding of what factors trigger hooligans to become unruly. In this paper I test the so called frustration-aggression hypothesis, which holds that thwarted expectations from a reference point tend to lead to violent behavior. I use unique data on hooligan violence in Sweden. I find that frustration, generated by a team's bad performance, indeed leads to unruly supporter behavior. A one-position drop in the soccer league leads to approximately 5 percent more unruly behavior by the team's supporters. The analysis helps policy makers in their endeavors to reduce group-related violence.<p />",
language="",
issn="0023-5962",
doi="10.1111/j.1467-6435.2010.00482.x",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.2010.00482.x"
}