@article{ref1,
title="General Risk and Need, Gender Specificity, and the Recidivism of Female Offenders",
journal="Criminal justice and behavior",
year="2010",
author="Andrews, D. A. and Rettinger, L. Jill",
volume="37",
number="1",
pages="29-46",
abstract="The study examined the predictive performance of social cognitive variables derived from a gender-neutral theory of criminal behavior in relation to several variables suggested as relevant by feminist perspectives. Multivariate analyses revealed that eight gender-neutral risk factors—assessed via the Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (LS/CMI)—performed very well in the prediction of the general and violent recidivism of more than 400 adult female offenders. None of the gender-specific factors, including parenting responsibility and stress, victimization history, and self-harm, had incremental validity over the gender-neutral risk and need variables. However, financial problems and a measure of personal misfortune did predict reoffending among low-risk/low-need women. The findings suggest that risk factors derived from a gender-neutral social cognitive theory of crime are relevant for adult females and that perhaps gender-specific concerns may be best viewed as specific responsivity factors.<p />",
language="",
issn="0093-8548",
doi="10.1177/0093854809349438",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854809349438"
}