@article{ref1,
title="Underlying dimensions of ICD-10 personality disorders: Risk factors, childhood antecedents, and adverse outcomes in adulthood",
journal="Journal of forensic psychiatry and psychology",
year="2007",
author="Ullrich, Simone and Marneros, Andreas",
volume="18",
number="1",
pages="44-58",
abstract="Previous studies have identified specific underlying dimensions of personality disorders with remarkable consistency. This study aimed to replicate the factor structure of personality disorders using ICD-10 dimensional scores from a sample of 366 male offenders. Factor analysis yielded three factors. Factor 1 demonstrated dissocial, paranoid, histrionic, and impulsive personality traits. Factor 2 reflected borderline, anxious, and avoidant PD symptoms. Factor 3 showed high loadings on schizoid PD traits and an inverse relation to anankastic personality. The factor structure was identical to a recent study using ICD-10 personality disorder scores and showed strong similarities to previous studies using DSM-III personality disorder dimensions. Factor 1 was substantially correlated with the psychopathy total score. Elevated scores on this factor were associated with adverse childhood experiences, early behavioural problems (conduct/hyperkinetic disorder), co-morbid substance abuse in adulthood, an earlier start of criminal career, and a higher number of sentences/offences. No risk factors or childhood antecedents could be identified for Factor 2. However, this factor was distinctively characterised by co-morbid affective and neurotic mental disorders in adulthood. Factor 3 was negatively associated with measures of cognitive functioning. The findings suggest specific pathways, courses, and outcomes of the identified personality disorder dimensions.<p />",
language="",
issn="1478-9949",
doi="10.1080/14789940601014769",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14789940601014769"
}