@article{ref1,
title="Substance use‐induced diminution of violence: a countervailing effect in longitudinal perspective",
journal="Criminology",
year="2001",
author="Kaplan, Howard B. and Tolle, GLEN C, Jr. and Yoshida, Takuji",
volume="39",
number="1",
pages="205-224",
abstract="Although the literature supports a positive association between substance use and violence, scattered reports suggest a basis for predicting an inverse relationship. Using panel data (N = 2, 222) from subjects tested during early adolescence and three years later, we estimate structural equation models that specify within-wave relationships between substance use and violence constructs, stability of these constructs over time, and lagged effects of each construct on the other. As hypothesized, net of the within-wave positive relationships, substance use was inversely related to later violence. The findings support theoretical orientations that accommodate motivation to use substances to assuage distressful self-feelings (including those that instigate violence).<p />",
language="en",
issn="0011-1384",
doi="10.1111/j.1745-9125.2001.tb00921.x",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2001.tb00921.x"
}