@article{ref1,
title="Childhood Conduct Problems and Other Early Risk Factors in Rural Adult Stimulant Users",
journal="Journal of rural health",
year="2009",
author="Kramer, Teresa L. and Han, Xiaotong and Leukefeld, Carl and Booth, Brenda M. and Edlund, Carrie",
volume="25",
number="1",
pages="50-57",
abstract="ABSTRACT: Context: Understanding childhood risk factors associated with adult substance use and legal problems is important for treatment and prevention. Purpose: To examine the relationship of early substance use, conduct problems before age 15, and family history of substance abuse on adult outcomes in rural, stimulant users. Methods: Adult cocaine and methamphetamine users (N = 544) in rural Arkansas and Kentucky were interviewed. Data were analyzed using both bivariate analyses and multiple logistic and log-linear regression models, with dependent variables being any substance abuse/dependence, stimulant abuse/dependence, total number of arrests since age 18 and days incarcerated since age 18. Findings: One third reported 3 or more conduct disorder problems prior to age 15; half reported initiation of substances (excluding alcohol) before age 15; and 60% reported family history of substance problems. All 3 variables were associated with adult substance abuse/dependence but only the latter two were associated with stimulant abuse/dependence. Conclusions: This study highlights early risk factors for adult substance abuse/dependence among rural stimulant users.<p />",
language="",
issn="0890-765X",
doi="10.1111/j.1748-0361.2009.00198.x",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-0361.2009.00198.x"
}