@article{ref1,
title="A prospective study of long-term health outcomes among Oklahoma City bombing survivors",
journal="Journal - Oklahoma State Medical Association",
year="1999",
author="Shariat, S. and Mallonee, S. and Kruger, E. and Farmer, K. and North, C.",
volume="92",
number="4",
pages="178-186",
abstract="A follow-up study was conducted to identify long-term physical and emotional outcomes among Oklahoma City bombing survivors. Baseline data were gathered by the Oklahoma State Department of Health in 1995. Follow-up data were gathered by telephone interviews of survivors from 1-1/2 to 3 years after the bombing. The frequency of medical diagnoses, symptoms, medical cost, physical and social life changes, and services utilized since the bombing were assessed. A total of 494 persons were interviewed, 92 percent had been physically injured in the bombing. Seventy-nine percent of persons interviewed rated their general health status as &quot;good,&quot; &quot;very good,&quot; or &quot;excellent.&quot; Overall, one-fourth to one-third of survivors reported being newly diagnosed with audiologic changes, anxiety, and depression since the bombing. One-third of persons reported preexisting medical conditions that had worsened since the bombing including depression (26%) and asthma/bronchitis (22%). The most frequently reported posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms were &quot;being jumpy or easily startled&quot; and &quot;recurring distressful thoughts of the bombing.&quot; The most frequently utilized medical services were psychological counseling (63%) and audiology services (48%). Total costs were estimated of $ 5.7 million. Overall, persons who had been hospitalized with bombing injuries reported higher rates of diagnoses, symptoms, and services utilization. These findings suggest that a large proportion of survivors of a terrorist bombing, especially those seriously injured, will experience long-term physical and/or emotional outcomes and increased need for treatment for bombing-related medical conditions. All survivors should be carefully assessed over time for auditory damage, depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0030-1876",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}