@article{ref1,
title="An experimental study of aggressive and neutral interpretative bias in opiate-dependent and opiate-abstinent men",
journal="Journal of psychopharmacology",
year="2009",
author="Clair, J. and Martin, L. and Bond, Alyson J. and O'Ryan, D. and Davis, P. and Curran, H. Valerie",
volume="23",
number="4",
pages="428-435",
abstract="There is a paucity of research on the relationship between opiate use and aggression, and no previous study has examined this from a cognitive theoretical perspective, which views an individual's interpretation of information as a central mediator of their response to it. This study aimed to determine whether opiate users and ex-users differed from opiate-naïve controls on a task which involved processing ambiguous sentences. In an independent group design, the interpretative bias task was administered to 64 participants: 21 opiate-dependent receiving methadone maintenance treatment, 21 opiate-abstinent in rehabilitation, and 22 healthy unemployed controls. We found that both opiate-dependent and opiate-abstinent groups interpreted ambiguous sentences in a neutral rather than an aggressive way, whereas controls showed no bias in either direction. In the opiate-dependent group, neutral interpretative bias correlated both with their current dose of methadone and years of methadone use. These findings indicate that current and ex-opiate users in treatment have a bias towards neutral interpretations of ambiguous information. The fact that neutral interpretative bias in opiate-dependent individuals correlated with current dose and years of methadone use suggests that methadone treatment is associated with a neutral cognitive bias. Decreased testosterone levels associated with chronic opiate use may underpin this neutral bias.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0269-8811",
doi="10.1177/0269881108091880",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881108091880"
}