@article{ref1,
title="The expression of bipolar affective disorders in brain injured patients",
journal="International journal of psychiatry in medicine",
year="1992",
author="Zwil, A. S. and McAllister, T. W. and Raimo, E.",
volume="22",
number="4",
pages="377-395",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: A prospective study was designed to investigate the varied presentations of major affective disorders in patients with organic brain disease. METHOD: Patients admitted to our neuropsychiatry service, with affective and behavioral disturbances, and known neurological disorders, were classified, on phenomenological grounds, into the following groups: 1) elated mania; 2) irritable mania; 3) affective lability with periods of irritability, but without other symptoms pathognomonic for mania; and 4) intermittent psychosis with absent or ambiguous mood changes. RESULTS: A majority of patients in all four groups responded to pharmacotherapy with anti-cycling agents. CONCLUSIONS: It is proposed that these groups represent different expressions of mania in brain injured persons, and that these expressions range through a spectrum of phenomenology, included elated mania, irritable mania, episodic psychosis and explosive organic personality disorder. The DSM-III-R classification of these disorders, and approaches to their clinical management, are discussed.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0091-2174",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}