@article{ref1,
title="The effects of codeine on human aggressive responding",
journal="International clinical psychopharmacology",
year="1990",
author="Spiga, R. and Cherek, D. R. and Roache, John D. and Cowan, K. A.",
volume="5",
number="3",
pages="195-204",
abstract="Ten healthy male research subjects received placebo, 25, 50 and 75 mg/70 kg of codeine in a controlled laboratory setting. During each session subjects had two response options. The non-aggressive response option was maintained by points exchangeable for ten cents. The aggressive response option ostensibly subtracted a point from the subject's fictitious partner. Aggressive responding was engendered by point subtractions attributed to a fictitious partner. Codeine did not significantly alter the frequency of monetarily reinforced, nonaggressive, responding. Aggressive responding was significantly increased at the 50 mg/70 kg dose of codeine. The frequency of aggressive responses during the placebo sessions preceding administration of the first codeine dose were significantly and positively correlated with scores on the Buss-Durkee Hostility Scale. Aggressive responding increased for four of five subjects scoring below the median on the Buss-Durkee Hostility Scale at the 50 mg/70 kg dose; while administration of 50 mg/70 kg increased aggressive responding of one subject who scored above the median. Aggressive responding for both groups of subjects was unaffected by the 75 mg/70 kg dose.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0268-1315",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}