@article{ref1,
title="Fear, helplessness, and horror in posttraumatic stress disorder: investigating DSM-IV criterion A2 in victims of violent crime",
journal="Journal of Traumatic Stress",
year="2000",
author="Brewin, Chris R. and Andrews, B. and Rose, S.",
volume="13",
number="3",
pages="499-509",
abstract="A DSM-IV diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) required for the first time that individuals must report experiencing intense fear, helplessness, or horror at the time of the trauma. In a longitudinal study of 138 victims of violent crime, we investigated whether reports of intense trauma-related emotions characterized individuals who, after 6 months, met criteria for PTSD according to the DSM-III-R. We found that intense levels of all 3 emotions strongly predicted later PTSD. However, a small number of those who later met DSM-III-R or ICD criteria for PTSD did not report intense emotions at the time of the trauma. They did, however, report high levels of either anger with others or shame.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0894-9867",
doi="10.1023/A:1007741526169",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007741526169"
}