@article{ref1,
title="Psychological distress in childhood trauma survivors who abuse drugs",
journal="American journal of drug and alcohol abuse encompassing all addictive disorders",
year="2002",
author="Medrano, Martha A. and Hatch, John P. and Zule, William A. and Desmond, David P.",
volume="28",
number="1",
pages="1-13",
abstract="The relationships between the level of childhood maltreatment and current psychological distress were examined in a community sample of 676 substance abusing men and women using a validated self-report instrument (the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire) designed to measure physical, emotional, and sexual abuse and physical and emotional neglect. Current levels of self-reported psychological distress/symptoms were measured using a 53-item Brief Symptom Inventory. Prevalence of early trauma ranged from 44% for emotional neglect to 65% for sexual abuse. The severity of all forms of childhood maltreatment were directly associated with current psychological distress.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0095-2990",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}