@article{ref1,
title="Maternal Mental Health, Substance Use, and Domestic Violence in the Year After Delivery and Subsequent Behavior Problems in Children at Age 3 Years",
journal="Archives of general psychiatry",
year="2006",
author="Whitaker, Robert C. and Orzol, Sean M. and Kahn, Rene S.",
volume="63",
number="5",
pages="551-560",
abstract="CONTEXT: Mental health disorders, substance use, and domestic violence often occur together. However, studies examining the impact of these conditions in mothers on the well-being of their children have focused only on isolated conditions. OBJECTIVE: To examine the cumulative effect of maternal mental health disorders, substance use, and domestic violence on the risk of behavior problems in young children. DESIGN: A birth cohort (1998-2000) followed up to age 3 years. SETTING: Eighteen large US cities. PARTICIPANTS: At 3 years, 2756 (65%) were followed up from the population-based birth cohort of 4242. Thirty-six percent had annual incomes below the poverty threshold. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: One year after delivery, mothers were asked questions about conditions in 3 categories: (1) mental health (major depressive episode and generalized anxiety disorder), (2) substance use (smoking, binge drinking, and illicit drug use), and (3) domestic violence (emotional and physical). At 3 years, mothers completed questions from the Child Behavior Checklist. RESULTS: Fifty percent of mothers had a condition in at least 1 of the 3 categories. The prevalence of child behavior problems increased with the number of categories (0, 1, 2, or 3) in which the mother reported a condition: respectively, 7%, 12%, 17%, and 19% for aggression (P<.001); 9%, 14%, 16%, and 27% for anxious/depressed (P<.001); and 7%, 12%, 15%, and 19% for inattention/hyperactivity (P<.001). This graded risk persisted after adjustment for sociodemographic and prenatal factors and for paternal mental health and substance use. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of child behavior problems increased with the number of areas-mental health, substance use, or domestic violence-in which the mother reported difficulties. Preventing behavior problems in young children requires family-oriented strategies that address the needs of both parents and their children.",
language="",
issn="0003-990X",
doi="10.1001/archpsyc.63.5.551",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.63.5.551"
}