@article{ref1,
title="Beta-blockers and the treatment of aggression",
journal="Harvard review of psychiatry",
year="1995",
author="Haspel, T.",
volume="2",
number="5",
pages="274-281",
abstract="This review assesses the usefulness of beta-blockers in the treatment of aggression and describes the parameters for their clinical use. A Medline search using the terms &quot;beta-blockers,&quot; &quot;aggression,&quot; &quot;propranolol,&quot; and &quot;brain injury&quot; identified relevant journal articles published in English between 1977 and 1993. Open, prospective and double-blind, placebo-controlled studies, as well as case reports, were included. Beta-blockers appear to be effective in decreasing the frequency and intensity of aggressive outbursts associated with a wide variety of conditions, such as dementias, attention-deficit disorder, personality disorders, Korsakoff's psychosis, posttraumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, profound mental retardation, autism, and brain injury. A general discussion attempts to resolve some of the issues surrounding the possible mechanisms of beta-blocker effects, reviews the anatomic and neurochemical bases of aggression, and explores implications of the clinical use of beta-blockers.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1067-3229",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}