@article{ref1,
title="Residual effects of metal forming: their effect on crash results",
journal="Proceedings: International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles",
year="2001",
author="Sturt, R. and Richardson, P. and Knight, A. and Dutton, T.",
volume="2001",
number="",
pages="6 p.-6 p.",
abstract="The thickness changes and work hardening arising during the forming process are generally ignored in crash analysis. This paper quantifies the effect of the forming process on crash response of a typical car of stamped steel construction using an analytical study. Forming results for fourteen panels of a medium-sized car were calculated using a one-step stamping analysis code. These were imported into the crash model, and crash results compared with and without the forming effects. The time taken to generate the forming data by a variety of methods is quantified, and the trade-off between the time taken and accuracy is examined. An efficient method of importing the forming data into the crash model is presented.<p />",
language="",
issn="",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}