@article{ref1,
title="Modification and validation of human neck model under direct head loading",
journal="Proceedings: International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles",
year="2003",
author="Ejima, S. and Wittek, A. and Ono, Koshiro and Yamazaki, K.",
volume="2003",
number="",
pages="8 p.-8 p.",
abstract="In the present study, the effects of cervical spine initial alignment, muscle activity, and the selected properties of trachea, vena cava and inactivated muscles on the responses of a finite element model of a cervical spine (H-Model by the ESI Group) under direct head loading were investigated. The modelling results were compared with those of volunteers. The present results suggest the following: Properties of inactivated muscles, vena cava and trachea greatly affect the general head motion; Maximum isometric force plays an important role in resisting neck extension; and Reflex time determining the start of generation of active muscle force considerably affects the angular displacement of cervical vertebrae. Based on these findings, the modifications of the cervical spine H-Model were introduced. The modified model well represented the head-C7 motion, although it underestimated the head-atlas extension.<p />",
language="",
issn="",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}