@article{ref1,
title="Facial fracture probability secondary to steering wheel impact",
journal="Proceedings: International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles",
year="1993",
author="Yoganandan, Narayan A. and Sances, A. and Pintar, Frank A. and Reinartz, J. and Haffner, Mark P.",
volume="1993",
number="",
pages="891-901",
abstract="This paper describes the techniques used to conduct: (i) quasi-static and dynamic tests on the steering wheel; and (ii) intact fresh human cadaver head impact tests at the unsupported rim (USR) location on both an energy absorbing (EA) and a standard (STD) steering wheel. The most important conclusions are as follows: (1) The junction of the lower spoke and rim (LSR) is stiffer than the center of the USR under quasi- static loading for both the EA and STD wheels; (2) The interface force- time response at the wheel rim typically exhibits bimodal behaviour. The first force peak appears to be a function of wheel rim inertia. The second peak appears to be largely driven by the force-deflection behaviour of the wheel; (3) At low impact velocities, the first peak is smaller than the second one; (4) Interface force was determined to be the most likely variable that correlates with zygomatic bone fracture. A force of 1525 N corresponds to a facial fracture probability of 50% for the EA wheel at the LSR location; (5) No fractures were documented at the USR location on the EA wheel at velocities up to 6.7 m/s; and (6) additional tests are required to completely describe the probability distribution for the STD wheel at the LSR and USR locations.<p />",
language="",
issn="",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}