@article{ref1,
title="Biomechanical risk factors for children in cars and aggravation by misuse of restraint systems",
journal="Proceedings: International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles",
year="1995",
author="Langwieder, Klaus and Hummel, Thomas A.",
volume="1995",
number="",
pages="1584-1597",
abstract="The intensified research into accidents with children in cars during the last few years has provided more knowledge; safety standards have been updated and new solutions to problems are to be expected. In spite of this there are problem areas which are not sufficiently analysed yet. These are: (1) Level of biomechanical tolerance of children, especially injuries to head, neck and abdomen; (2) Safety measures for increased protection of children involved in side impacts; (3) Use of adult belts as &quot;suitable system&quot; for children up to 12 years of age; and (4) prevention of misuse. These problem fields are analysed on the basis of interviews, crash tests and new accident material &quot;Child Safety 95&quot;. Preventing misuse has to be an aim of development for the future. A crash test programme has been started to analyse injury mechanisms of children restrained with adult belts, and to explain observations from real accidents. The influence of the special misuse &quot;children restrained with adult belts&quot; on injury risks is analysed in real accidents. This accident study showed that using adult belts too early results in a roughly two- to threefold risk increase - chiefly by raising the number of abdominal injuries.<p />",
language="",
issn="",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}