@article{ref1,
title="Clinical presentation and course of depression in youth: does onset in childhood differ from onset in adolescence?",
journal="Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry",
year="2004",
author="Birmaher, Boris and Williamson, Douglas E. and Dahl, Ronald E. and Axelson, David A. and Kaufman, Joan and Dorn, Lorah D. and Ryan, Neal D.",
volume="43",
number="1",
pages="63-70",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: To simultaneously and prospectively compare the clinical presentation, course, and parental psychiatric history between children and adolescents with major depressive disorder. METHOD: A group of prepubertal children (n = 46) and postpubertal adolescents (n = 22) were assessed with structured interviews for psychopathology and parental psychiatric history and followed once every 2 years for approximately 5 years. RESULTS: With the exception of more depressive melancholic symptoms in the adolescents, both groups had similar depressive symptomatology, duration (average 17 months), severity of the index episode, rates of recovery (85%) and recurrence (40%), comorbid disorders, and parental psychiatric history. Female sex, increased guilt, prior episodes of depression, and parental psychopathology were associated with worse longitudinal course. CONCLUSIONS: In general, major depressive disorder is manifested similarly in children and adolescents, and both groups have a protracted clinical course and high family loading for psychiatric disorders.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0890-8567",
doi="10.1097/00004583-200401000-00015",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200401000-00015"
}