@article{ref1,
title="Health-Promoting and Health-Risk Behaviors: Theory-Driven Analyses of Multiple Health Behavior Change in Three International Samples",
journal="International journal of behavioral medicine",
year="2012",
author="Lippke, Sonia and Nigg, Claudio R. and Maddock, Jason E.",
volume="19",
number="1",
pages="1-13",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Co-occurrence of different behaviors was investigated using the theoretical underpinnings of the Transtheoretical Model, the Theory of Triadic Influence and the concept of Transfer. PURPOSE: To investigate relationships between different health behaviors' stages of change, how behaviors group, and whether study participants cluster in terms of their behaviors. METHOD: Relationships across stages for different behaviors were assessed in three studies with N = 3,519, 965, and 310 individuals from the USA and Germany by telephone and internet surveys using correlational analyses, factor analyses, and cluster analyses. RESULTS: Consistently stronger correlations were found between nutrition and physical activity (r = 0.16-0.26, p < 0.01) than between non-smoking and nutrition (r = 0.08-0.16, p < 0.03), or non-smoking and physical activity (r = 0.01-0.21). Principal component analyses of investigated behaviors indicated two factors: a &quot;health-promoting&quot; factor and a &quot;health-risk&quot; factor. Three distinct behavioral patterns were found in the cluster analyses. CONCLUSION: Our results support the assumption that individuals who are in a higher stage for one behavior are more likely to be in a higher stage for another behavior as well. If the aim is to improve a healthy lifestyle, success in one behavior can be used to facilitate changes in other behaviors-especially if the two behaviors are both health-promoting or health-risky. Moreover, interventions should be targeted towards the different behavioral patterns rather than to single behaviors. This might be achieved by addressing transfer between behaviors.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1070-5503",
doi="10.1007/s12529-010-9135-4",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12529-010-9135-4"
}