@article{ref1,
title="Belt and airbag testing with a pregnant hybrid III dummy",
journal="Journal of traffic medicine",
year="1998",
author="Pearlman, M and Kempf, P and Deng, Bing and Jedrzejczak, E and Smrcka, J and Viano, David C.",
volume="26",
number="3-4",
pages="125-138",
abstract="A pregnancy insert was developed for the 5th percentile Hybrid III female dummy. It consists of a urethane 'uterus'-abdomen, ellipsoidal 'amniotic-fluid' gel, and simulated 28-32 week fetus. Fetal head/chest acceleration and load on the uterus are measured. Thirty-nine Hyge sled tests simulated restraint conditions at 4.511.2 m/s. In series I, fetal and maternal responses for the recommended belt placement were compared to improper use of the lap-shoulder belts. In series II, airbag restraint conditions were simulated. Wearing the lap belt over the 'uterus' or shoulder belt behind the back caused more than a three-fold increase in force on the uterus in comparison to proper belt use. Airbags further lowered forces on the 'uterus,' but 'out-of-position' deployments caused high fetal acceleration. Proper use of the lap-shoulder belt and airbag appears to reduce the likelihood of crash injury to the unborn baby and mother.<p />",
language="en",
issn="0345-5564",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}