@article{ref1,
title="Children of African-American mothers who use crack cocaine: parenting influences on youth substance use",
journal="Journal of pediatric psychology",
year="2007",
author="Lam, Wendy K. K. and Cance, Jessica D. and Eke, Agatha N. and Fishbein, Diana H. and Hawkins, Stephanie R. and Williams, J. Cassie",
volume="32",
number="8",
pages="877-887",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: To examine relationships between parenting behaviors, parent-child relationship, and moderating effects of age on youth substance use among a community sample of African-American mothers who use crack cocaine and their children (12-17 years). METHODS: Maternal-child dyads (n = 208) were recruited through street outreach and snowball sampling and completed interviews about substance use and parenting. RESULTS: Regression analyses found significant main effects of youth age, family conflict, warmth, and disapproval of youth substance use on children's substance use. Age x Parenting interactions were significant for conflict and disapproval. Higher family conflict increased older youths' risk, while higher perceived maternal disapproval protected against substance use for older youth. CONCLUSIONS: Family influences may offer risk and protective effects for adolescent children of maternal drug users. Outreach and family-focused interventions that address family conflict and communication of disapproval of substance use may help reduce intergenerational risk transmission. However, longitudinal research with comprehensive parenting assessments is needed.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0146-8693",
doi="10.1093/jpepsy/jsm015",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsm015"
}