@article{ref1,
title="Rethinking Police Complaints",
journal="British journal of criminology",
year="2004",
author="Smith, Graham",
volume="44",
number="1",
pages="15-33",
abstract="Procedures for dealing with complaints against the police have been at the centre of police reform for the last half-century. This paper departs from the traditional who investigates' approach and managerial orthodoxy to consider the primary functions of the complaints process. Four causes of complaint are identified--unprofessional behaviour, criminal conduct, tortious action and unacceptable policy--and four functions are considered--managerial, liability, restorative and accountability. It is concluded that in order to effectively and efficiently deal with the various causes of complaint, a two-tier system is required to deal with complaints that allege unprofessional behaviour and criminal conduct, and a third, separate tier, is necessary to consider complaints regarding unacceptable police policy.<p />",
language="",
issn="0007-0955",
doi="10.1093/bjc/44.1.15",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/44.1.15"
}