@article{ref1,
title="Role of biological modifiers regulating the immune response after trauma",
journal="Injury",
year="2007",
author="Stahel, Philip F. and Smith, Wade R. and Moore, E. E.",
volume="38",
number="12",
pages="1409-1422",
abstract="Trauma induces a profound immunological dysfunction. This is characterised by an early state of hyperinflammation, followed by a phase of immunosuppression with increased susceptibility to infection and multiple organ failure. Therapeutic strategies directed at restoring immune homeostasis after traumatic injuries have largely failed in translation from &quot;bench to bedside&quot;. The present review illustrates the role of biological modifiers of the posttraumatic immune response by portraying different modalities of therapeutic immune modulation. The emphasis is placed on anti-inflammatory (steroids) and immune-stimulatory (interferon) pharmacological strategies and modified resuscitative strategies, as well as more unconventional immunomodulatory approaches, such as immunonutrition.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0020-1383",
doi="10.1016/j.injury.2007.09.023",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2007.09.023"
}