@article{ref1,
title="Symptoms of depression, suicidal behaviour and use of substances in Greece: a nationwide general population survey",
journal="Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica",
year="1994",
author="Madianos, Michael G. and Gefou-Madianou, D. and Stefanis, Costas N.",
volume="89",
number="3",
pages="159-166",
abstract="This study aimed at investigating the relationship between the use of unprescribed licit and illicit drugs and problematic drinking with reported depressive symptoms and suicidal behaviour in a nationwide general population sample of 4291 respondents aged 12 to 64. Depressive symptoms were detected by the use of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). A higher proportion of respondents who have reported illicit drug use in their lifetime were found to be depressed with a > 16 score in the CES-D in all age groups and both sexes, than of the other categories of substance use. A multiple range test revealed 3 groups of substance users. The more frequent illicit drug users together with the problematic drinkers exhibited the higher average depressive symptoms scores. The 12-month prevalence of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts was found to be in accordance with the severity and frequency of substance consumption.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0001-690X",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}