@article{ref1,
title="Being alone, playing alone, and acting alone: distinguishing among reticence and passive and active solitude in young children",
journal="Child development",
year="1994",
author="Coplan, R. J. and Rubin, K. H. and Fox, Nathan A. and Calkins, S. D. and Stewart, S. L.",
volume="65",
number="1",
pages="129-137",
abstract="3 forms of solitude were studied in young children--reticence (onlooker and unoccupied behavior), solitary-passive behavior (solitary-constructive and -exploratory play), and solitary-active behavior (solitary-functional and -dramatic play). 48 4-year-old children grouped in quartets of same-sex unfamiliar peers were observed in several situations. Mothers completed the Colorado Temperament Inventory. Results indicated that (1) solitary-passive, solitary-active, and reticent behaviors were nonsignificantly intercorrelated; (2) reticence was stable and associated with the demonstration of anxiety and hovering near others, whereas solitary-passive and solitary-active play were stable yet unrelated to anxiety and hovering; (3) reticence during free play was generally associated with poor performance and displays of wariness in several other social situations, while solitary-passive and -active play were not; (4) reticence was associated with maternal ratings of child shyness, while solitary-active behavior was associated with maternal ratings of impulsivity. Results are discussed in terms of the underlying mechanisms associated with reticence and passive and active withdrawal.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0009-3920",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}