@article{ref1,
title="Smoke alarm installation and function in inner London council housing",
journal="Archives of disease in childhood",
year="1999",
author="DiGuiseppi, Carolyn G. and Roberts, I. and Speirs, N.",
volume="81",
number="5",
pages="400-403",
abstract="AIM: To determine the prevalence of and predictors for installed, functioning smoke alarms in council (public) housing in a low income, multi-ethnic urban area. DESIGN: Cross sectional study. SETTING: 40 materially deprived electoral wards in two inner London boroughs. PARTICIPANTS: Occupants of 315 addresses randomly selected from council housing lists, with 75% response rate. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Installation and function of smoke alarms based on inspection and testing. RESULTS: 39% (95% confidence interval (CI) 33% to 46%) of council tenants owned a smoke alarm, 31% (95% CI 25% to 38%) had an installed alarm (of which 54% were correctly installed), and 16% (95% CI 12% to 22%) had at least one installed, functioning alarm. Alarms most commonly failed because they lacked batteries (72%). In multivariate modelling, having an installed, functioning alarm was most strongly associated with living in a house versus a flat (apartment) (odds ratio (OR) 3.2, 95% CI 1.1 to 10.0), having two resident adults versus one (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.2 to 6.5), and recognising stills from a Home Office television smoke alarm campaign (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.1 to 5.5). CONCLUSIONS: Fires are a leading cause of child injury and death, particularly among those younger than 5 years of age and those in social classes IV and V. Smoke alarms are associated with a significantly reduced risk of death in residential fires, and are more protective in households with young children. Few council properties in a multi-ethnic, materially deprived urban area had any installed, functioning smoke alarms, despite a high risk of residential fires and fire related injuries in such areas. Effective methods to increase the prevalence of installed and functioning alarms must be identified.",
language="",
issn="0003-9888",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}