@article{ref1,
title="Hand grenade injuries among civilians",
journal="JAMA journal of the American Medical Association",
year="1993",
author="Coupland, Robin M.",
volume="270",
number="5",
pages="624-626",
abstract="OBJECTIVES: To describe how noncombatants are injured by hand grenades in camps for displaced people, and to categorize grenade wounds according to the Red Cross wound classification. DESIGN: Case series. SETTING: A surgical hospital in Khao I Dang refugee camp on the Thailand-Cambodia border. PATIENTS: Seventy-four patients injured by hand grenades. INTERVENTIONS: Intravenous antibiotics and primary wound surgery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Combatant status of the patients, categorization of the wounds, surgical outcome, number of operations, and number of blood transfusions. RESULTS: Only 7% of the patients sustained their wounds in battle and 50% were women, children, or older men. Seventy had 91 wounds that could be categorized; 59% of the wounds were small, affecting only soft tissue. Few wounds were associated with fractures and none with comminuted fractures. Twenty-four soft-tissue wounds were treated conservatively with minimal morbidity and no mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Missiles (fragments or bullets) from hand grenades tend to produce wounds with little tissue damage. Serious injury is due to penetration of vital structures. The results permit a recommendation that certain small and uncomplicated fragment wounds can be treated initially without surgery.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0098-7484",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}