@article{ref1,
title="Seasonal mood disorders. Patterns of seasonal recurrence in mania and depression",
journal="Archives of general psychiatry",
year="1993",
author="Faedda, G. L. and Tondo, L. and Teicher, Martin H. and Baldessarini, Ross J. and Gelbard, H. A. and Floris, G. F.",
volume="50",
number="1",
pages="17-23",
abstract="DSM-III-R criteria, applied retrospectively in a research-oriented psychiatric clinic, identified patients (N = 146) with a mood disorder and a seasonal pattern of recurrence (seasonal mood disorder). The seasonal mood disorder syndrome was not rare (10% of all mood disorders); diagnostic distribution was as follows: recurrent depression, 51%, and bipolar disorder, 49%, with 30% of the latter having mania (bipolar disorder type I) and 19% having hypomania (bipolar disorder type II). Most patients were women (71%); onset age averaged 29 years, with a mean of eight cycles in 12 years of illness; mean episode duration was 5.0 months. Mood disorder was found in a high proportion (68%) of the families. All but one patient followed one of two seasonal patterns in equal frequency: type A, fall-winter depression with or without spring-summer mania or hypomania; and type B, spring-summer depression with or without fall-winter mania or hypomania. Both types showed consistent times of onset and remission. These results emphasize that DSM-III-R seasonal mood disorder includes severe cases of recurrent depression and bipolar disorder and support a distinction between two seasonal subtypes.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0003-990X",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}