@article{ref1,
title="The 4Cs (Crash History, Family Concerns, Clinical Condition, and Cognitive Functions): A Screening Tool for the Evaluation of the At-Risk Driver",
journal="Journal of the American Geriatrics Society",
year="2010",
author="O'Connor, Margaret G. and Kapust, Lissa R. and Lin, Bixuan and Hollis, Ann M. and Jones, Richard N.",
volume="58",
number="6",
pages="1104-1108",
abstract="OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of crash history, family concerns, clinical condition, and cognitive function (the 4Cs, an interview-based screening tool for health providers working with older drivers) in identifying at-risk older drivers. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Clinical driving evaluation program at a teaching hospital in the United States. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred sixty patients who completed comprehensive driving evaluations between 2003 and 2009. MEASUREMENTS: Medical record information was used to identify component and total 4Cs scores. Other measurements included the Trail Making Test, the Mini-Mental State Examination, and brake reaction time. The outcome variable was performance on a 45-minute road test. RESULTS: Fifty participants passed the road test, 67 failed, and 43 demonstrated marginal driving skills. The relationship between 4Cs scores and road test outcome was statistically significant (P<.001). The domains most strongly associated with road test outcome were cognitive function (P<.001) and family concerns (P=.01). Scores of 9 or greater-on the 4Cs identified 84% of participants who were at risk for poor road test performance. CONCLUSION: The 4Cs, an interview based screening tool, may be a useful marker to identify at-risk older drivers.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0002-8614",
doi="10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.02855.x",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.02855.x"
}