@article{ref1,
title="The criminality of former "special educational provision" permanently "excluded from school" adolescents as young adults (16-23): costs and practical implications",
journal="Journal of Adolescence",
year="1998",
author="Pritchard, C. and Cox, Martha",
volume="21",
number="5",
pages="609-620",
abstract="An analysis of police records of the criminal &quot;careers&quot; of a complete cohort (1990-95) of 227 &quot;excluded from school&quot; adolescents who had been in &quot;special educational provision&quot; found that 63% had a criminal conviction as young adults (16-23 years). However there was evidence of &quot;missed opportunities&quot; as 26% of the offenders were not convicted until over 18-years-old. Averaging 7.4 offences each, 29% had a conviction for violence, 29% had been to prison and a further 27% are currently on bail for alleged offences. Home Office-based predictions show that 42% are highly likely to re-commit their most serious offence within 2 years. Based upon Audit Commission and Department of Health estimates, these 143 young adults cost a minimum of pound 4.16 million pounds. However, 10% of excluded adolescents who were also &quot;ex child care&quot; had a significantly lower crime rate than the others (41% vs. 70%), which suggests that with targeted support, such as under the 1989 Children Act, effective intervention is possible in a significant number of cases.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0140-1971",
doi="10.1006/jado.1998.0182",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jado.1998.0182"
}