@article{ref1,
title="Pedestrians, vehicles, and cell phones",
journal="Accident analysis and prevention",
year="2010",
author="Neider, Mark B. and McCarley, Jason S. and Crowell, James A. and Kaczmarski, Henry and Kramer, Arthur F.",
volume="42",
number="2",
pages="589-594",
abstract="With cellular phones and portable music players becoming a staple in everyday life, questions have arisen regarding the attentional deficits that might occur when such devices are used while performing other tasks. Here, we used a street-crossing task in an immersive virtual environment to test how this sort of divided attention affects pedestrian behavior when crossing a busy street. Thirty-six participants navigated through a series of unsigned intersections by walking on a manual treadmill in a virtual environment. While crossing, participants were undistracted, engaged in a hands free cell phone conversation, or listening to music on an iPod. Pedestrians were less likely to successfully cross the road when conversing on a cell phone than when listening to music, even though they took more time to initiate their crossing when conversing on a cell phone ( approximately 1.5s). This success rate difference was driven largely by failures to cross the road in the allotted trial time period (30s), suggesting that when conversing on a cell phone pedestrians are less likely to recognize and act on crossing opportunities.   Keywords: Driver distraction; Pedestrian distraction<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0001-4575",
doi="10.1016/j.aap.2009.10.004",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2009.10.004"
}