@article{ref1,
title="Exposure to violence and cardiovascular and neuroendocrine measures in adolescents",
journal="Annals of behavioral medicine",
year="2005",
author="Murali, R. and Chen, Edith",
volume="30",
number="2",
pages="155-163",
abstract="Background: Exposure to violence has clear, detrimental psychological consequences, but the physiological effects are less well understood. Purpose: This study examined the influence of exposure to violence on biological basal and reactivity measures in adolescents. Methods: There were 115 high school student participants. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), heart rate (HR), HR variability (HRV), and cortisol levels were recorded during baseline and a laboratory stressor. The Exposure to Violence interview was administered and assessed two dimensions: total observed violence and total personally experienced violence. These were then divided into component parts: lifetime frequency, proximity, and severity. Results: Greater total experienced violence was associated with increased basal SBP (r = .19, p < .05) and decreased acute stress reactivity in terms of SBP (beta = -.13, p = .05), HR (beta = -.21, p = .00), and HRV (beta = .13, p = .05). Lifetime frequency of experienced violence was associated with higher basal DBP (r = .33, p < .05), HR (r = .33, p < .05), and cortisol (r = .53, p < .00), and decreased SBP (beta = -.27, p < .05) and DBP (beta = -.31, p < .05) reactivity. Exposure to violence is associated with increased biological basal levels in adolescents, supporting allostatic-load research and decreased cardiovascular reactivity, supporting the inoculation effect. Conclusions: The findings illustrate that being a victim of violence has more pervasive biological consequences than witnessing violence and that the accumulation of stressful experiences has the greatest effect on biological markers.",
language="",
issn="0883-6612",
doi="10.1207/s15324796abm3002_8",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15324796abm3002_8"
}