@article{ref1,
title="Early-onset arthritis in retired National Football League players",
journal="Journal of physical activity and health",
year="2009",
author="Golightly, Yvonne M. and Marshall, Stephen W. and Callahan, Leigh F. and Guskiewicz, Kevin M.",
volume="6",
number="5",
pages="638-643",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Injury has been identified as a potential risk factor for osteoarthritis. However, no previous study has addressed playing-career injuries and subsequent osteoarthritis in a large sample of former athletes. The purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence and determinants of arthritis and osteoarthritis in retired professional football players. METHODS: Self-reported arthritis prevalence and retrospectively-recalled injury history were examined in a cross-sectional survey of 2,538 retired football players. RESULTS: Football players reported a high incidence of injury from their professional playing days (52.8% reported knee injuries, 74.1% reported ligament/tendon injuries, and 14.2% reported anterior cruciate ligament tears). For those under 60 years, 40.6% of retired NFL players reported arthritis, compared with 11.7% of U.S. males (prevalence ratio = 3.5, 95% CI: 3.3 to 3.7). Within the retired NFL player cohort, osteoarthritis was more prevalent in those with a history of knee injury (prevalence ratio = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.5 to 1.9) and ligament/tendon injury (prevalence ratio = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.4 to 1.9). CONCLUSIONS: In males under the age of 60, arthritis is over 3 times more prevalent in retired NFL players than in the general U.S. population. This excess of early-onset arthritis may be due to the high incidence of injury in American football.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1543-3080",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}