@article{ref1,
title="Analysis of the causes and emergency management of 154 traumatized permanent incisors in primary school children",
journal="Shanghai Kou Qiang Yi Xue",
year="2005",
author="Liu, Ping and Wang, Guo-hua and Huang, G. B.",
volume="14",
number="3",
pages="254-256",
abstract="PURPOSE: This study was designed to investigate the related factors of permanent incisors trauma among primary school children, and evaluate the results of replantation of 56 avulsed teeth. METHODS: Data were collected by 122 questionnaire from teachers or parents of the primary school children with dental trauma, with regard to the related trauma causes, altitudes and emergency management of dental avulsion. 56 avulsed teeth were replanted immediately after appropriate manipulation. The results of replantation were evaluated 1 year later. RESULTS: Tumble (fall off) was the main cause for dental trauma. The maxillary central incisor was most vulnerable to injury, without differences between the right and the left side. Single tooth injury was predominant in all age groups. Children with an incisal overjet tended to have a greater chance of dental trauma. Crown fractures represented 89 (57.79%)of 154 traumatized teeth; root fractures represented 9 (5.84%); avulsed represented 56 (36.3%). Most teachers and parents had little knowledge of the correct procedures for replanting or transporting avulsed teeth. 53 of 56 replanted teeth (94.64%) were integrated successfully. CONCLUSION: The parents and school educators should be advised about prevention of injuries and actions to be taken in case of an accident. The functional and esthetical outcome of replantation in avulsed teeth is excellent.",
language="",
issn="1006-7248",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}