@article{ref1,
title="HIV and intimate partner violence among methadone-maintained women in New York City",
journal="Social science and medicine (1982)",
year="2005",
author="El-Bassel, Nabila and Gilbert, Louisa and Wu, Eijean and Go, Hyun and Hill, J.",
volume="61",
number="1",
pages="171-183",
abstract="Intimate partner violence (IPV) has been recognized as a risk factor for HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among women, particularly among those who are drug involved. This study examines the temporal relationships between sexual and/or physical partner violence (IPV) and sexual risk of HIV/STI transmission in a longitudinal study with a random sample of 416 women enrolled in methadone maintenance treatment programs in New York City. Two hypotheses are tested: whether sexual risk-related factors or risk reduction behavior leads to subsequent IPV (H1); and whether IPV decreases likelihood of subsequent risk reduction behavior (i.e., requesting to use condoms) or increases likelihood of certain sexual risk-related factors (i.e., inconsistent condom use, having unprotected anal sex, having more than one partner, exchanging sex for drugs or money, having had an STI, being HIV positive, having a partner who engaged in HIV risk) (H2). Participants were interviewed at three waves: baseline, six months and twelve months. Hypotheses were examined using propensity score matching and multiple logistic regression analyses. The prevalence rate of any physical or sexual IPV was 46% at baseline. Findings for H1 indicate that women who reported always using condoms at wave 2 were significantly less likely than women who reported inconsistent or no condom use to experience subsequent IPV at wave 3. Similarly, increased risk of IPV at wave 3 was associated with self-reported STIs (OR=2.0, <a id=&quot;mml4&quot; name=&quot;mml4&quot;></a><a title=&quot;Click to view the MathML source&quot; style=&quot;COLOR: black; TEXT-DECORATION: none&quot; href=&quot;/science?_ob=MathURL&amp;_method=retrieve&amp;_udi=B6VBF-4FBW5RJ-2&amp;_mathId=mml4&amp;_cdi=5925&amp;_rdoc=1&amp;_ArticleListID=272210233&amp;_acct=C000050221&amp;_version=1&amp;_userid=10&amp;md5=0534ec2501a1377de455066ba203bcb1&quot;><i>p</i>=.03</a>), and unprotected anal sex (OR= 2.0, <a id=&quot;mml5&quot; name=&quot;mml5&quot;></a><a title=&quot;Click to view the MathML source&quot; style=&quot;COLOR: black; TEXT-DECORATION: none&quot; href=&quot;/science?_ob=MathURL&amp;_method=retrieve&amp;_udi=B6VBF-4FBW5RJ-2&amp;_mathId=mml5&amp;_cdi=5925&amp;_rdoc=1&amp;_ArticleListID=272210233&amp;_acct=C000050221&amp;_version=1&amp;_userid=10&amp;md5=b74628c4f84e18b1f213de492e3601b1&quot;><i>p</i>&lt;.01</a>); always requesting that partners use condoms was associated with a significant decrease in subsequent IPV (OR=.18, <a id=&quot;mml6&quot; name=&quot;mml6&quot;></a><a title=&quot;Click to view the MathML source&quot; style=&quot;COLOR: black; TEXT-DECORATION: none&quot; href=&quot;/science?_ob=MathURL&amp;_method=retrieve&amp;_udi=B6VBF-4FBW5RJ-2&amp;_mathId=mml6&amp;_cdi=5925&amp;_rdoc=1&amp;_ArticleListID=272210233&amp;_acct=C000050221&amp;_version=1&amp;_userid=10&amp;md5=3b15ed70f9d680f33cf136753c8e8590&quot;><i>p</i>&lt;.01</a>). Findings for H2 suggest that IPV at wave 2 decreased the subsequent likelihood of always using condoms at wave 3 (OR=.41, <a id=&quot;mml7&quot; name=&quot;mml7&quot;></a><a title=&quot;Click to view the MathML source&quot; style=&quot;COLOR: black; TEXT-DECORATION: none&quot; href=&quot;/science?_ob=MathURL&amp;_method=retrieve&amp;_udi=B6VBF-4FBW5RJ-2&amp;_mathId=mml7&amp;_cdi=5925&amp;_rdoc=1&amp;_ArticleListID=272210233&amp;_acct=C000050221&amp;_version=1&amp;_userid=10&amp;md5=b89b279582acdb3a669f5eaff504af5b&quot;><i>p</i>&lt;.01</a>) and always requesting that a partner use condoms (OR=.42, <a id=&quot;mml8&quot; name=&quot;mml8&quot;></a><a title=&quot;Click to view the MathML source&quot; style=&quot;COLOR: black; TEXT-DECORATION: none&quot; href=&quot;/science?_ob=MathURL&amp;_method=retrieve&amp;_udi=B6VBF-4FBW5RJ-2&amp;_mathId=mml8&amp;_cdi=5925&amp;_rdoc=1&amp;_ArticleListID=272210233&amp;_acct=C000050221&amp;_version=1&amp;_userid=10&amp;md5=32e4abd75e4b920515c8dc29326c7717&quot;><i>p</i>=.02</a>). The implications of the findings for HIV prevention interventions for women on methadone are discussed.",
language="",
issn="0277-9536",
doi="10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.11.035",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.11.035"
}