@article{ref1,
title="Mild traumatic brain injury in the United States, 1998--2000",
journal="Brain injury",
year="2005",
author="Bazarian, Jeffrey J. and McClung, Jason and Shah, Manish N. and Cheng, Yen Ting and Flesher, William and Kraus, Jess Frank",
volume="19",
number="2",
pages="85-91",
abstract="PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence and epidemiology of emergency department (ED)-attended mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in the US. RESEARCH DESIGN: Secondary analysis of ED visits for mTBI in the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey for 1998--2000. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: MTBI defined by International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD9-CM) codes for 'skull fracture', 'concussion', 'intracranial injury of unspecified nature' and 'head injury, unspecified'. MAIN OUTCOME AND RESULTS: The average incidence of mTBI was 503.1/100000, with peaks among males (590/100000), American Indians/Alaska Natives (1,026/100000) and those &lt;5 years of age (1,115.2/100000). MTBI incidence was highest in the Midwest region (578.4/10000) and in non-urban areas (530.9/100000) of the US. Bicycles and sports accounted for 26.4% of mTBI in the 5-14 age group. CONCLUSIONS: The national burden of mTBI is significant and the incidence higher than that reported by others. Possible explanations are discussed. Bicycle and sports-related injuries are an important and highly preventable cause of mTBI underscoring the need to promote prevention programmes on a national level.<br />",
language="",
issn="0269-9052",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}