@article{ref1,
title="Anatomy of self-injurious, stereotypic, and aggressive movements: evidence for involuntary explanation",
journal="Journal of clinical psychology (Hoboken)",
year="1992",
author="Gedye, A.",
volume="48",
number="6",
pages="766-778",
abstract="Self-injurious movements, common in persons diagnosed with Tourette syndrome, or mental retardation, are typically difficult to eliminate. The author considers the possibility that certain self-injurious movements are involuntary phenomena. An anatomical analysis of high-frequency movements in a patient with severe head slapping is presented by tracing the muscles and nerves involved. The median nerve innervates muscles that bring the hand/arm to the head and also muscles that control this patient's other frequent movements, viz., pill-rolling, thumb-gouging, wrist-flapping, and pinching the neck or cheek. Other patients underwent similar investigation: one who headbangs, one who hits out repetitively, and one with non-injurious stereotypic movements. An anatomical explanation suggests that certain self-injurious, aggressive, and stereotypic movements are involuntary muscle contractions that reflect abnormal innervation along specific nerves.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0021-9762",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}