@article{ref1,
title="Use of negative reinforcement in the treatment of self-injurious behavior",
journal="Journal of applied behavior analysis",
year="1990",
author="Steege, M. W. and Wacker, D. P. and Cigrand, K. C. and Berg, W. K. and Novak, C. G. and Reimers, T. M. and Sasso, G. M. and DeRaad, A.",
volume="23",
number="4",
pages="459-467",
abstract="Behavioral assessment procedures were used to determine the maintaining conditions of self-injury exhibited by 2 children with severe multiple handicaps. For both children, negative reinforcement (escape from grooming activities) was determined to be the maintaining reinforcer for self-injury (hand/arm biting) within an alternating treatments design. The treatment packages involved the use of negative reinforcement (brief escape from grooming activities) contingent upon a behavior that was incompatible with self-injury (reaching and pressing a microswitch that activated a pre-recorded message of &quot;stop&quot;). Treatment was evaluated with a reversal design for 1 child and with a multiple baseline across grooming activities for the 2nd child. The treatment led to a marked decrease in self-injury for both children. At follow-up, high rates of self-injury were reported for the 1st child, but low rates of self-injury and an increase in task-related appropriate behavior were observed for the 2nd child.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0021-8855",
doi="10.1901/jaba.1990.23-459",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1990.23-459"
}