@article{ref1,
title="Spatial disorientation in general aviation accidents",
journal="Aviation, space, and environmental medicine",
year="1978",
author="Kirkham, W. R. and Collins, W. E. and Grape, P. M. and Simpson, Judy M. and Wallace, T. F.",
volume="49",
number="9",
pages="1080-1086",
abstract="Spatial disorientation (SD) was the third highest &quot;cause&quot; of fatal accidents in small, fixed-wing aircraft and closely related to the second highest &quot;cause&quot;--&quot;continued VFR flight into adverse weather.&quot; SD was a cause or factor in 16% of all fatal accidents. When SD was ascribed as a cause or factor in an accident, 90% of the time that accident involved fatalities. Small, fixed-wing aircraft under 12,500 lb (570 kg) accounted for 97.3% of all SD accidents. Inclement weather was associated with 42% of all fatal accidents, and SD was a cause or factor in 35.6% of these. Flight was initiated into and continued into adverse weather in 19.7 and 68.7%, respectively, of SD weather-related fatal accidents. Fog (56.8%) and rain (41.8%) were the most prevalent adverse weather conditions. These and other data attest to the importance of this psychophysiological phenomenon in flight safety.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0095-6562",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}