@article{ref1,
title="Independent dimensions of depression: a factor analysis of three self-report depression measures",
journal="Journal of clinical psychology (Hoboken)",
year="1977",
author="Giambra, L. M.",
volume="33",
number="4",
pages="928-935",
abstract="Covariance studies of objective depression measures have concentrated on total scores. This approach is relatively insensitive in specifying whether these instruments measure the same sub-aspects of depression. To investigate this question, a factor analysis was performed on the items of the Beck Depression Inventory and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale and lists A, B, C, and D of the Lubin Depression Adjective Check Lists. Ss were 91 college students and 29 correctional institution inmates. Four clearly interpretable multimeasure factors resulted from a Varimax rotation. The most salient factor was labeled &quot;Depression: Affective Malaise.&quot; Earlier studies also have shown this to be a dominant and reliable dimension of depression. The other factors were: Suicidal Ambivalence,&quot; &quot;Appetite-Weight Loss,&quot; and &quot;Fatigability.&quot; Females showed greater Fatigability associated with depression. Factors specific to the Beck and Zung measures also were found, which suggests that the different emphases of these instruments, intensity/severity vs. frequency of symptoms, may contribute very specific depression indicators. This may indicate that both intensity and frequency of symptoms ought to be considered to obtain a &quot;best&quot; objective measure of depression.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0021-9762",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}