@article{ref1,
title="Correlates and consequences of spanking and verbal punishment for low-income white, African American, and Mexican American toddlers",
journal="Child development",
year="2009",
author="Berlin, Lisa J. and Ispa, Jean M. and Fine, M. A. and Malone, Patrick S. and Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne and Brady-Smith, Christy and Ayoub, C. and Bai, Yong",
volume="80",
number="5",
pages="1403-1420",
abstract="This study examined the prevalence, predictors, and outcomes of spanking and verbal punishment in 2,573 low-income White, African American, and Mexican American toddlers at ages 1, 2, and 3. Both spanking and verbal punishment varied by maternal race/ethnicity. Child fussiness at age 1 predicted spanking and verbal punishment at all 3 ages. Cross-lagged path analyses indicated that spanking (but not verbal punishment) at age 1 predicted child aggressive behavior problems at age 2 and lower Bayley mental development scores at age 3. Neither child aggressive behavior problems nor Bayley scores predicted later spanking or verbal punishment. In some instances, maternal race/ethnicity and/or emotional responsiveness moderated the effects of spanking and verbal punishment on child outcomes.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0009-3920",
doi="10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01341.x",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01341.x"
}