@article{ref1,
title="An evaluation of alternative Do Not Enter signs: failures of attention",
journal="Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour",
year="2004",
author="Mundoli, Ravi and Fisher, Donald L. and Collura, John and Duffy, Susan A. and Zhang, Shuping and Laurie, Nancy E. and Fisher, Donald L",
volume="7",
number="3",
pages="151-166",
abstract="Drivers who make wrong-way entries onto highway exit ramps or restricted roads are at serious risk of injuring themselves or others. One cause of these wrong-way entries may be the actual signage itself. A good sign in this context should draw attention to itself and then convey its message as quickly and clearly as possible. However, the existence of wrong-way entries suggests that this is not always happening with the recommended two-dimensional Do Not Enter plus One-Way sign that is currently posted at most exit ramp terminals. Several alternative Do Not Enter signs were evaluated on the University of Massachusetts driving simulator, signs which based on a preliminary evaluation should better draw attention to themselves and more quickly convey their message. The alternative signs included both a three-dimensional Do Not Enter sign and a combined One-Way plus No Right Turn sign (without the usual symbology). Participants noticed more wrong-way entries when exit ramp terminals were posted with the combined One-Way plus No Right Turn sign than when they were posted with all other alternatives, though this difference was only marginally significant when compared with the standard two-dimensional Do Not Enter plus One-Way sign. These results were consistent with multiple resource theory, which assumes different resource pools are used to process verbal and spatial information.",
language="en",
issn="1369-8478",
doi="10.1016/j.trf.2004.07.001",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2004.07.001"
}